Submit an article. Understanding Human Trafficking and its Victims . This can begin a generational cycle of entry into hazardous labor, such as has been observed among families and children working in palm oil plantations in Indonesia, mica mines in India, or tobacco farms in the United States [58, 59]. This comprehensive review of current literature on human trafficking into and within the United States focuses on surveying what the social science or other literature has found about the issues of identifying and effectively serving trafficking victims. Human Trafficking Research Questions . The trial, expected to be completed by the end of the year, resulted from a crack down on human trafficking by the military junta currently in power. Human trafficking continues to be a research priority for NIJ; however, many challenges are involved. Traffickers use force, fraud, or coercion to lure their victims and force them into labor or commercial sexual exploitation. Human Trafficking videos and latest news articles; GlobalNews.ca your source for the latest news on Human Trafficking . 1! 15 minute read • December 17, 2020. The US Department of Homeland Security1 has this to say: Human trafficking is modern-day slavery and involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act. Government can play a role in restricting migration, such as Nepal’s migration bans affecting younger prospective female migrants [17], or can promote migration through, for example, the Bangladeshi government’s Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), which subsidizes recruitment fees for females migrating to numerous Gulf States [18]. Slavery and its like have existed for millennia; so have social and economic inequalities. That’s what these 2 useful papers help us do. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002437. Sex slavery, sex trafficking and prostitution are often discussed as one and the same phenomenon, sometimes together with human trafficking and illegal smuggling. 2 Women and children predominate: in 1 global study, up to 49% of the victims were women and 33% were children. The effects of climate change on local production, market-driven land exhaustion, humanitarian crises, and weak social assistance have each contributed in different ways to distress migration [42]. The authors emphasize the need to implement provider training, to be proactively alert to the possibility that patients in emergency departments could be victims of trafficking, and to provide skilled psychiatric interventions in both acute care and reintegration settings. But each year, approximately 14,500 to 17,500 women, men and children are trafficked into the United States for the purposes of forced labor or sexual exploitation. Collection Review articles synthesize in narrative form the best available evidence on a topic. And which also, quoting from the above, involve “the use of force, fraud, or coercion.” Just pick one example: the #MeToo movement has dominated recent headlines, revealing long ignored sexual harassment of junior employees by powerful and morally corrupt bosses. They look for people who are susceptible for a variety of reasons, including psychological or emotional vulnerability, economic hardship, lack of a social safety net, natural disasters, or political instability. Similarly, those working to address “modern slavery” have given little attention to the health impact of trafficking. Through the declaration of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, the international community has promised that efforts will be dedicated to reducing poverty, ensuring healthy lives, and, most encouragingly, promoting decent work. A prevention lens directs us to consider the interaction of multiple factors that protect or put individuals and populations at risk of labor exploitation and to seek potential mechanisms to minimize these risks or enhance protection. Human trafficking violates fundamental human rights of children the world over [ 1, 2 ]. Combatting trafficking in human beings is a well-established social policy and crime prevention priority for the twenty-first Century. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002437, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_575479.pdf, https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-a&chapter=18&lang=en, https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2016/, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—asia/—ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_098156.pdf, http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/research/priorities/globalgovernance/themes/hrlsgg, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/@publ/documents/publication/wcms_155428.pdf, http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=forcedlabor, https://www.ap.org/explore/seafood-from-slaves/, https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/07/27/life-among-the-sea-slaves/, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_norm/—declaration/documents/publication/wcms_428686.pdf, https://publications.iom.int/books/labour-exploitation-trafficking-and-migrant-health-multi-country-findings-health-risks-and, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_protect/—protrav/—safework/documents/publication/wcms_208226.pdf, http://www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/articles/emconet_who_report.pdf, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—inst/documents/publication/wcms_480957.pdf, https://polarisproject.org/sites/default/files/Polaris-Typology-of-Modern-Slavery.pdf, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_norm/—declaration/documents/publication/wcms_377813.pdf, https://www.verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Humanity-United-Nepal-Trafficking-Report-Final_1.pdf, http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/accessibility/transcripts/dr-simon-pemberton-social-harm.aspx, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/human-trafficking-northern-triangle, https://publications.iom.int/system/files/addressing_human_trafficking_dec2015.pdf, https://www.verite.org/unaccompanied-children-violence-and-conditions-in-central-american-agriculture-linked-to-border-crisis/, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/545741476894450828/pdf/ISR-Disclosable-P125302-10-19-2016-1476894433828.pdf, http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/briefings/oceans/2014/Slavery-and-Labour-Abuse-in-the-Fishing-Sector.pdf, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/77394/1/WHO_RHR_12.42_eng.pdf, https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/Palm_Oil_and_Children_in_Indonesia.pdf, https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/12/09/teens-tobacco-fields/child-labor-united-states-tobacco-farming, http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs364/en/, http://www.rand.org/pubs/rgs_dissertations/RGSD377.html. Over half of the world’s 215 million young workers are estimated to be in hazardous sectors including forced sex work and forced street begging [11]. The truly inhuman cruelty inflicted on these sufferers can be almost unimaginable. It is not coincidental that exploitation of workers has occurred alongside the diminishing power and density of trade unions and shrinking freedom of association and collective bargaining [32]. By Sarah Becker. For immediate assistance, contact Customer Service: You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. Results: A total of 33 articles on human trafficking as defined above were published in 14 social work journals between 2000 and 2011. Takala et al. ABSTRACT: Human trafficking, or modern-day slavery, is a global problem with broad reach that is often underrecognized in the United States. In a global study by the United Nations, identified trafficked persons originated from 106 countries. That is, the health consequences of human trafficking are so widespread and severe that it should be addressed as a public health problem of global magnitude. For instance, Nepali workers from rural areas often seek jobs abroad (e.g., domestic work, construction jobs) through a local agent who connects them to more formal manpower agencies in urban centers [38]. It has become increasingly recognized that this “hidden crime” is far more prevalent in the United States than has been apparent, and there is no shortage of factors that make some of us susceptible, as described above (eg, economic hardship, natural disasters, political instability). At the moment, there are at the very least 510 known trafficking flows all over the world. Human trafficking is a hidden crime as victims rarely come forward to seek help because of language barriers, fear of the traffickers, and/or fear of law enforcement. Human trafficking has significant effects on both physical and mental health. • Human Trafficking Webliography (Panigabutra-Roberts 2009). News about human trafficking, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used. Moreover, theoretical or policy frameworks are required to look specifically at the ways that individual, group, and structural factors (including economic, social, legal, and policy-related aspects) influence exploitation and health along a migration trajectory, which can guide our search for evidence to inform interventions [28–31]. Human trafficking, also called trafficking in persons, form of modern-day slavery involving the illegal transport of individuals by force or deception for the purpose of labour, sexual exploitation, or activities in which others benefit financially. No, Is the Subject Area "Employment" applicable to this article? This is the type of evidentiary groundwork that was laid to address complex social problems such as intimate partner violence and that is now included in many routine health surveys and the international calculation of the Global Burden of Disease [25, 64]. Human Rights Libraries HeinOnline Foreign & International Law Resources (Harvard Login) Access to key publications from the American Society of International Law and human rights yearbooks from around the world. 10.15760/mcnair.2013.79! Fig 2 depicts factors associated with labor exploitation across a migration process, dimensions of exploitation, and various dimensions of harm. Copyright: © 2017 Zimmerman, Kiss. Human trafficking Human trafficking has received increasing global attention over the past decade. Get new journal Tables of Contents sent right to your email inbox, www.dhs.gov/blue-campaign/what-human-trafficking, Articles in PubMed by JOHN M. OLDHAM, MDEditor, Articles in Google Scholar by JOHN M. OLDHAM, MDEditor, Other articles in this journal by JOHN M. OLDHAM, MDEditor, Psychiatry’s Role in the Management of Human Trafficking Victims: An Integrated Care Approach. Gordon and colleagues make the case for an integrated care approach—a persuasive recommendation particularly apt for this population, given the broad range of physical and psychological damage that is often involved. to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without Lippincott Journals Subscribers, use your username or email along with your password to log in. 1 The total number of victims is unknown, although estimates range into the millions. The framework in Fig 2 depicts a process of complex, cumulative causation of potential harm throughout a migration cycle. Human Trafficking Peer Reviewed Articles. The exploitation that is at the heart of trafficking comprises different forms of abuse, such as extensive hours, poor pay, extortionate debt, physical confinement, serious occupational hazards, violence, and threats. Some error has occurred while processing your request. Department of Homeland Security. Reports on human trafficking regularly highlight that child workers, minorities, and irregular migrants are at particular risk of more extreme forms of exploitation. Research Articles On Human Trafficking. Domestic concerns about human trafficking have focused on the prostitution of young women or children, primarily by pimps and rings of traffickers. It is also the world’s most comprehensive resource of governmental anti-human trafficking efforts. Most migrants leave home in search of a better life for themselves and their family, sometimes inspired by income disparities between neighboring migrant and nonmigrant households. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries. Yes Articles On Human Trafficking. Moreover, a public health approach to prevent human trafficking should simultaneously generate greater attention to its less recognized sibling, labor exploitation. Please enable scripts and reload this page. When we hear the term “human trafficking” we may automatically think of it as a terrible and inhumane business that occurs in faraway, unfamiliar places—places less “civilized” than our own. For example, victims are highly vulnerable and largely hidden from the public, which makes it particularly difficult to obtain accurate statistics on the amount of people trafficked per year. Legalization in the United States, however, is the perfect catalyst for a universal movement. Within 48 hours of running away from home, it's likely that a child will be approached to participate in prostitution or some form of commercial sex exploitation.5 The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children estimates that one in six children will be victims of human trafficking.10 Trafficke… Written By Palmer Holt of InChrist Communications. Brainwashing (also known as mind control, menticide, coercive persuasion, thought control, thought reform, and re-education) is the concept that the human mind can be altered or controlled by certain psychological techniques. This has resulted in increased recognition of the effect of precarious employment, multiple forms of marginalization, and legal and entitlement structures in individual and population health [14]. The authors recommend the use of cognitive approaches, such as Cognitive Processing Therapy, to target maladaptive cognitions, but they emphasize the importance of individualizing the treatment approach for each patient, given the wide range of types of trauma experienced by these individuals. here. Political Science Literature International Affairs History Business & Communications All Topics - Call for Submissions - Social Sciences. CHAPTER 1 Introduction and History of Human Trafficking and Modern Day Slavery 9 women. A substantial proportion of human trafficking occurs within the same country, although international trafficking has received greater global attention [6]. What Therapies are Favored in the Treatment of the Psychological Sequelae of Trauma in Human Trafficking Victims? Continuing its great tradition of enriching the scholarly discourse surrounding issues of social and global justice, the . As the first medical journal collection on human trafficking, exploitation, and health, the PLOS collection offers a good start towards gaining greater attention from the health sector. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Ethnic minority and highly marginalized populations are known to work in some of the most exploitative and damaging sectors, such as leather tanning, mining, and stone quarry work [12]. A dialogue is needed about how much and in what ways low-wage workers are currently exploited and about the ways that work-related hazards might harm individuals, including by disabling parents, who may then be forced to send their children to work—perhaps producing a generational cycle of disability and disenfranchisement. The Hotline annually receives multiple reports of human trafficking cases in each of the 50 states and D.C. Read more Hotline statistics here. Importantly, to intervene in effective and efficient ways, evidence is also needed on the determinants of human trafficking and on who is most affected and in what ways so that precious funds for intervetions are well targeted. human trafficking occurs within the same country, although international trafficking has received greater global attention [6]. Because of the challenges of conducting surveys on human trafficking, there has been little population-based prevalence data on trafficking-related morbidity and mortality. PLOS Medicine publishes research and commentary of general interest with clear implications for patient care, public policy or clinical research agendas. By surveying undergraduate studies about common myths about human trafficking and their own trauma history, the author was able to identify how a small portion of the United States understands this crime. Editor’s Note: This is the second article in a three-part series looking at the problem of human trafficking, its social impact and potential solutions. The discussion that follows focuses primarily on trafficking of labor migrants and exploitation, but the core features underpinning exploitation, power, control, and abuse, are applicable to other forms of human trafficking (forced sex work, forced marriage, for armed conflict). Won Kidane . ... books and articles on the human trafficking. In many low-wage production sectors, for instance, exploitative practices are sustained by business models that rely on labyrinthine supply chains, myriad labor intermediaries, and high demand for inexpensive and disposable labor. Human Trafficking is defined as “the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, ... Children and adolescents at particular risk for human trafficking have a history of sexual abuse, are homeless or runaways, are in foster care, or have been in the juvenile justice system 10. Provides abstracts of political science articles published in scholarly journals and yearbooks. PLOS is launching a collection of essays and research articles on “Human Trafficking, … So, how does one bring these communities together? Human trafficking is a global problem affecting people of all ages. Moreover, when one family member is disabled, other family members, including children, may be pushed into exploitative situations. Although the literature is sparse regarding evidence-based treatment for this particular population, valuable published clinical wisdom provides much needed guidance. Journal of Human Trafficking is a high-impact journal and supports progress towards the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs). Human trafficking also frequently manifests in highly gendered ways [1]. may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed There is growing evidence on the wide-ranging health consequences of human trafficking. Children of both genders were also recognised as victims of trafficking. Unscrupulous intermediaries are known to use extortion, deception, or coercion to exploit workers or to usher them towards abusive employers [37]. Your account has been temporarily locked due to incorrect sign in attempts and will be automatically unlocked in First, in terms of prevalence, when compared with other well-recognised global health problems such as the approximately 35 million people infected with HIV or the 1 million girls under age 15 who give birth every year [60, 61], human trafficking seems to deserve similar attention, with current estimates at approximately 40.3 million people [1]. No, Is the Subject Area "Global health" applicable to this article? Continuing its great tradition of enriching the scholarly discourse surrounding issues of social and global justice, the . Although the practice of human trafficking has a long history, it has only been since the enactment of the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (part of the Palermo Protocols) in 2000 that a concerted effort has been made to examine and evaluate interventions to counter human trafficking. In introducing the Modern Slavery Act 2015, Theresa May seized a political opportunity to address the egregious violations of human rights associated with human trafficking and avowed a victim-centred approach, with a view to ‘always keeping the plight of victims at the very heart of our policies and in everything we do’ (May 2013: ii). Wolters Kluwer Health e1002437. 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