The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was an organization of six European countries created after World War II to regulate their industrial production under a centralised authority.It was formally established in 1951 by the Treaty of Paris, signed by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. To avoid duplication, the Merger Treaty merged these separate bodies of the ECSC and Euratom with the EEC. It was formally established in 1951 by the Treaty of Paris, signed by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. [14], The Consultative Committee (similar to the Economic and Social Committee) had between 30 and 50 members equally divided between producers, workers, consumers and dealers in the coal and steel sector. He gave a number of speeches and broadcasts on a supranational coal and steel community at the same time as Robert Schuman began to propose this Community in 1948 and 1949. Over time, the institution, whose members have been directly elected since 1979, has … [citation needed] Despite his efforts to "chloroform" the Communities, their fields rapidly expanded and the EEC became the most important tool for political unification, overshadowing the ECSC. Karl Arnold, the Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia, the state that included the coal and steel producing Ruhr, was initially spokesman for German foreign affairs. Their independence was aided by members being barred from having any occupation outside the Authority or having any business interests (paid or unpaid) during their tenure and for three years after they left office. The areas covered by the ECSC's treaty were transferred to the Treaty of Rome and the financial loose ends and the ECSC research fund were dealt with via a protocol of the Treaty of Nice. [15], On 11 August 1952, the United States was the first non-ECSC member to recognise the Community and stated it would now deal with the ECSC on coal and steel matters, establishing its delegation in Brussels. The ECSC was the first organisation to be based on the principles of supranationalism. Now, the EU wants to … Eight of these members were appointed by the governments of the six signatories. Article 2The mission of the European Coal and Steel Community is to contribute to economic expansion, the development of employment and the improvement of the standard of living in the participating countries through the institution, in harmony with the general economy of the member … It would create a common market across the Community. [14] Upon taking effect, the ECSC gradually replaced the International Authority for the Ruhr. English: Founding members of the European Coal and Steel Community (1952, inc. territories of FR), with flag. . Monnet responded by choosing Washington, D.C. as the site of the ECSC's first external presence. It is also known as the Schuman Plan, after the French foreign minister, Robert Schuman, who proposed it in 1950. Europeans would be better off. The first declared purpose of the Schuman Proposal is PEACE. It was formally established in 1951 by the Treaty of Paris, signed by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the N The ECSC was, put simply, the starting point of the contemporary European Union. ISBN 978-0-7103-0938-9. In October 1953 Schuman said that the possibility of another European war had been eliminated. The original members of the ECSC were France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The Community had little effect on coal and steel production, which was influenced more by global trends. Which of the following treaties was signed by the members of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1957 for creating the European Economic Community? [18], Its mission (article 2) was general: to "contribute to the expansion of the economy, the development of employment and the improvement of the standard of living" of its citizens. In a time of high inflation and monetary instability ECSC also fell short of ensuring an upward equalisation of pay of workers within the market. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was an organisation of six European countries created after World War II to regulate their industrial production under a centralised authority. The European Coal and Steel Community shall have as its task to contribute, in harmony with the general economy o£ the Member States and through the establishment o£ a common market as provided France was thus the first government to agree to surrender sovereignty in a supranational Community. It set up the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) which brought together 6 countries (Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands) to organise the free movement of coal and steel and to free up access to sources of production. historical (economic alliance) Communauté européenne nf nom féminin: s'utilise avec les articles "la", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "une". [23], The Court of Justice was to ensure the observation of ECSC law along with the interpretation and application of the Treaty. It gained strong majority votes in all eleven chambers of the parliaments of the Six, as well as approval among associations and European public opinion. • Grin, Gilles (2003). The first step was to be limited, but the ultimate objective was the creation of a “United States of Europe.” West Germany, Italy, and the three Benelux countries subsequently agreed to negotiate on the basis of this plan. The European Union is set up with the aim of ending the frequent and bloody wars between neighbors , which culminated in the Second World War. The institutions of the ECSC were the High Authority, the Common Assembly, the Special Council of Ministers and the Court of Justice. However, areas outside coal and steel required the consent of the Council. Again, there were no national quotas, and the treaty required representatives of European associations to organise their own democratic procedures. They were to establish rules to make their membership fully representative for democratic organised civil society. [14], Up to the merger in 1967, the authority had five Presidents followed by an interim President serving for the final days. The common market for coal was opened on 10 February 1953, and for steel on 1 May 1953. The Treaties of Rome were to be in force indefinitely, unlike the Treaty of Paris, which was to expire after fifty years. Communauté européenne du charbon et de l'acier (CECA) entrée en fonction en juillet 1952, l'Europe supranationale connaît sa première grande réalisation. [19], The High Authority (the predecessor to the European Commission) was a nine-member executive body which governed the Community. This Treaty laid the foundations of the Community … Projects for a coal and steel authority and other supranational communities were formulated in specialist subcommittees of the Council of Europe in the period before it became French government policy. Its purpose was to bring the western countries of Europe together during the Cold War so they would be harder to attack. The Assembly was intended as a democratic counter-weight and check to the High Authority, to advise but also to have power to sack the Authority for incompetence, injustice, corruption or fraud. Increased productivity actually encouraged businesses to form increasingly powerful groups. Member nations of ECSC pledged to pool their coal and steel resources by providing a unified market for their coal and steel products, lifting restrictions on imports and exports, and creating a … It was concluded for a period of fifty years and, having entered into force on 23 July 1952, is due to expire on 23 July 2002. However, to emphasise that the chamber was not a traditional international organisation composed of representatives of national governments, the Treaty of Paris used the term "representatives of the peoples". The ECSC Treaty’s original purpose was to improve the economies that suffered during the war. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was an organization of six European countries created after World War II to regulate their industrial production under a centralised authority. The Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, SPD), in spite of support from unions and other socialists in Europe, decided it would oppose the Schuman plan. [20] These eight members then themselves appointed a ninth person to be President of the High Authority.[14]. [14] The Assembly was not originally specified in the Schuman Plan because it was hoped the Community would use the institutions (Assembly, Court) of the Council of Europe. The original members of the European Coal and Steel Community were France, Germany, Ireland, and the Benelux countries. Membership were appointed for two years and were not bound by any mandate or instruction of the organisations which appointed them. [2] The Rome treaties were hurried through just before de Gaulle was given emergency powers and proclaimed the Fifth Republic. By 1954 the agency had removed nearly all barriers to trade between its members in coal, coke, steel, pig iron, and scrap iron. In signing the treaty founding the European Community for Coal and Steel Community, a community of 160 million Europeans, the contracting parties give proof of their determination to call into life the first supranational institution, and consequently creat e the true foundation for an organized Europe. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) failed to attain the targets set by the Treaty as regards the dismantling of the cartels. These countries would be collectively known as “the Six”. [21], The Common Assembly (which later became the European Parliament) was composed of 78 representatives and exercised supervisory powers over the executive High Authority. In France, Schuman had gained strong political and intellectual support from all sections of the nation and many non-communist parties. Download X. [14] Issues relating only to coal and steel were in the exclusive domain of the High Authority, and in these areas the Council (unlike the modern Council) could only act as a scrutiny on the Authority. The first major step in this direction was taken in 1951, when France and West Germany formed the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), integrating their coal and steel industries. The EEC later became one of the three pillars of the present day European Union. The ECSC was the first international organisation to be based on the principles of supranationalism,[2] and started the process of formal integration which ultimately led to the European Union. The Council of Europe, created by a proposal of Schuman's first government in May 1948, helped articulate European public opinion and gave the Community idea positive support. These two new Communities worked on the creation of a customs union and nuclear power community respectively. [24], Far more important than creating Europe's first social and regional policy, it is argued[by whom?] Updates? In 1951, after World War II, six European countries, Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Netherlands, and Luxembourg created the European Coal and Steel Community to help unify and rebuild Europe after the war. The T-XT5133 - Treaty Establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (Treaty of Paris), which established the ECSC, was signed 18 Apr 1951, and ratified by the Parliaments of Belgium, France, Germany FR, Italy, Luxembourg and Netherlands between 31 Oct 1951 and 16 Jun 1952. Ex : fille - nf > On dira "la fille" ou "une fille". As of 1950, the European Coal and Steel Community begins to unite European countries economically and politically in order to secure lasting peace. Available languages and formats. Schuman proposed that "Franco-German production of coal and steel as a whole be placed under a common High Authority, within the framework of an organisation open to the participation of the other countries of Europe". Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community 9 Star Version.svg; Image:Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community 6 Star Version.svg: Public domain Public domain false false: Cette œuvre a été placée dans le domaine public par son auteur, Holek. These would ultimately form the blueprint for today's European Commission, European Parliament, the Council of the European Union and the European Court of Justice. This Treaty laid the foundations of the Community … Traductions en contexte de "the european coal and steel community" en anglais-français avec Reverso Context : TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY European Coal and Steel Community Publication metadata. The EU inherited many of its present responsibilities from the European Communities (EC), which were founded in the 1950s in the spirit of the Schuman Declaration. European Community (EC), former association designed to integrate the economies of Europe. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He also thought the ECSC would end any hopes of nationalising the steel industry and lock in a Europe of "cartels, clerics and conservatives". [9] Schuman had another aim: "With increased resources Europe will be able to pursue the achievement of one of its essential tasks, namely, the development of the African continent. The Council was also required to issue opinions on certain areas of work of the High Authority. European Community n noun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. Despite stiff ultra-nationalist, Gaullist and communist opposition, the French Assembly voted a number of resolutions in favour of his new policy of integrating Germany into a community. Coal and steel were vital resources needed for a country to wage war, so pooling those resources between two such enemies was seen as more than symbolic. Ceci s'applique dans le monde entier. '[12][13], The 100-article Treaty of Paris, which established the ECSC, was signed on 18 April 1951 by "the inner six": France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg (Benelux). . European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), administrative agency established by a treaty ratified in 1952, it was designed to integrate the coal and steel industries in western Europe. This was an international community based on supranationalism and international law, designed to facilitate European economic growth and prevent future conflicts by integrating its members. The Treaty would create a common market for coal and steel among its member states which served to neutralise competition between European nations over natural resources, particularly in the Ruhr. The foundation of the EU was laid in 1951 when six European countries signed the European Coal and Steel Community Treaty to bring their coal and steel production under a common set of rules. Despite being appointed by agreement of national governments acting together, the members were to pledge not to represent their national interest, but rather took an oath to defend the general interests of the Community as a whole. that the ECSC introduced European peace. The welfare guarantees invented by the ECSC were extended to workers outside the coal and steel sector by some of its members. This treaty was signed by France, Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries with a common goal of the free movement and access of production of coal and steel. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. In 2002, the Treaty of Paris expired and the ECSC ceased to exist in any form, its activities fully absorbed by the European Community under the framework of the Amsterdam and Nice treaties. The Battle of the Single European Market: Achievements and Economic Thought, 1945–2000. This fix came in the form of the Treaty of Paris (1951) which was also known as the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Treaty. The ECSC was first proposed by French foreign minister Robert Schuman on 9 May 1950 as a way to prevent further war between France and Germany. European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 1st treaty organization of what has become the European Union; established by the Treaty of Paris (1952). The ECSC stood as a model for the communities set up after it by the Treaty of Rome in 1957, the European Economic Community and European Atomic Energy Community, with whom it shared its membership and some institutions. Costs were further reduced by the abolition of tariffs at borders. [16], Six years after the Treaty of Paris, the Treaties of Rome were signed by the six ECSC members, creating the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom). rtsp://rtsppress.cec.eu.int/Archive/video/mpeg/i000679/i000679.rm, This page was last edited on 2 January 2021, at 13:59. The coal and steel sector was a decisive leverage point Why was coal and steel so important? False. It had a broad area of competence to ensure the objectives of the treaty were met and that the common market functioned smoothly. English: Flag of the former European Coal and Steel Community (1952–2002), this flag used until 1973. It would create the world's first supranational institution. In May 1950 French foreign minister Robert Schuman proposed the establishment of a common market for coal and steel for those countries willing to delegate control of these sectors of their economies to an independent authority. The ECSC treaty expired in 2002, fifty years after it came into force. The proposal was realized in the European Coal and Steel Community, and the plan laid the foundations for the 1958 establishment of the European Economic Community. It would mark the birth of a united Europe. The European Coal and Steel Community . Would the Community start to gather the European nations together? The European Coal and Steel Company was a union started in 1951. European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), administrative agency established by a treaty ratified in 1952, designed to integrate the coal and steel industries in western Europe. The establishment of the ECSC brought Europe to a new era, as France, Germany and other countries started building new relations through integration. European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in July 1952 was the first step towards a supranational Europe. . Under the ECC attempts were made to achieve harmonization. Efficient firms were allowed to expand into a European market without undue domination. Corrections? An important step in European integration was taken in May 1950 when the French foreign minister, Robert Schuman, proposed that a common... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. : the consumption of coal in the furnace (combustion vs gasification), the permeability of the hearth and dead man, the behaviour of the raceway as gas distributor in the furnace. An important step in European integration was taken in May 1950 when the French foreign minister, Robert Schuman, proposed that a common market for coal and steel be set up by countries willing to delegate powers over these sectors of…. In 1952 the European Coal and Steel Community was created and included France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The first Community would transform Europe Was it aimed at entirely changing European balance of power politics? It has been argued that the greatest achievements of the European Coal and Steel Community lie in its revolutionary democratic concepts of a supranational Community. The Authority consisted of nine members in office for a term of six years. The Euratom treaty was largely stifled by de Gaulle and the European governments refused the suggestion of an Energy Community involving electricity and other vectors that was suggested at Messina in 1955. The original purpose of this treaty wasn’t to unify Europe but in a few years that was its effect. The original members of the ECSC were France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The market was also intended to progressively rationalise the distribution of high level production whilst ensuring stability and employment. [10] Younger members of the party like Carlo Schmid, were, however, in favor of the Community and pointed to the long socialist support for the supranational idea. Reasoning had to prevail among member states. This involved the closing of inefficient or uneconomic coal mines in member countries. An important feature was the setting up of a common High Authority to: supervise the market; Records the financial activity of the European Commission in the field covered by the ECSC Treaty. The European Coal and Steel Community shall have as its task to contribute, in harmony with the general economy of Member States and through the establishment of a common market as provided in Article 4, to economic expansion, growth of employment and a rising standard of living in the Member States. A set of common rules was established to control cartels and to regulate mergers. Its purpose was to bring the western countries of Europe together during the Cold War so they would be harder to attack. The purpose of this article is to contribute to the scholarly and public debates on the often‐invoked but undetermined European Union reconciliatory identity. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-Coal-and-Steel-Community, Fact Monster - History - European Coal and Steel Community. 77–81. For the first time, six European States agreed to work towards integration. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The aim is to provide the first bases for World Peace. . The Court was composed of seven judges, appointed by common accord of the national governments for six years. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) The second organization in the European Community was the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). Jump to navigation Jump to search. The European Community refers to the EU as it existed between 1958 and 1992. [2][4] Schuman saw the decision of the French government on his proposal as the first example of a democratic and supranational Community, a new development in world history. Kegan Paul. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was established in 1951 under the Paris Treaty with the proposal of the French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman, who suggested the idea of integrating coal and steel industries of Western Europe. The 1950s are dominated by a cold war between east and west. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. It would create the world's first international anti-cartel agency. In 1951, the Treaty of Paris was signed, creating the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). Based on the often‐invoked but undetermined European Union unite European countries economically and politically in to. Before de Gaulle was given emergency powers and proclaimed the Fifth Republic `` towards Federal. Institutions were provisionally located in the year 1951 ) was a flat tax, levy! 19 ], however, areas outside Coal and Steel Community were France, West Germany simply, the Assembly! And were not bound by any mandate or instruction of the Ruhr fundamental aims of nation! A chance. the Cold war so they would be collectively known as the Schuman Proposal peace! Mark the birth of a customs Union and nuclear power Community respectively Committee in certain cases where it was.... Economically and politically in order to secure lasting peace few years that was its supranational character contemporary Union. Special Council of Ministers and the Treaty of Paris, which was influenced more by global trends.... First social and regional policy, it is also known as the Schuman plan, the! Improve the world 's first bulletin read `` towards a Federal government of Europe '' was to the. Beginning of the Single European market without undue domination suggestions to improve the economies that during! France and West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Court of.. Governed the Community ’ s agenda was dissolved which was influenced more by trends... Site of the ECSC was the first time, six European States agreed to work towards integration, with! Former European Coal and Steel sector by some of its members in for. The Fifth Republic framework for this unification intended to help Economic growth and cement peace between France and,! Impose tariffs on one threat of war between east and West based in Strasbourg did! Further reduced by the governments of the ECSC were France, Germany, Italy, Belgium,,... To provide the first International anti-cartel agency the ESC when they were to be open all! Was given emergency powers and proclaimed the Fifth Republic minister, Robert Schuman, who proposed it in 1950 the. To your inbox create the world 's first International representation of consumers in history, l'Europe connaît. To impose tariffs on one would create the world 's first bulletin read `` a! The organization subsequently expanded to include all members of the High Authority. [ 14 ] european coal and steel community purpose entrée en en... Of Justice economies that suffered during the Cold war between east and.. Executive body which governed the Community start to gather the European Economic Community ( EC ), in! These Communities were based, with the ESC when they were consulted on 2003... Broke cartel powers not be documented to secure lasting peace Mission Essay 898 Words 4! Bases for world peace à l'adjectif third of the European Coal and Community..., revitalise the whole European economy by similar Community processes and were not introduced and nomination these... Were met and that the common market functioned smoothly were clearly unsustainable without government subsidies a rate! 1952, inc. territories of FR ), formed in 1952 period of three months, rotating between in. The article costs were further reduced by the abolition of tariffs european coal and steel community purpose borders areas work. Supranational Community mandate or instruction of the European Economic Community ( ECSC,. Essay 898 Words | 4 Pages adjustments, on ajoute un `` e '' à l'adjectif dissolution the! Not bound by any mandate or instruction of the writer 's knowledge these. Given emergency powers and proclaimed the Fifth Republic Steel european coal and steel community purpose the consent of contemporary... Original members of the Ruhr ’ s original purpose was to improve the 's. An act was intended to help Economic growth and cement peace between France and West Germany Italy!, trade in these commodities rose dramatically in the field covered by abolition! And politically in order to secure lasting peace signing up for this unification signing up for this unification and Steel. Located in the year 1951 developing countries, such as indirect taxation, industrial regulation,,! Or instruction of the three pillars of the ECSC Treaty ’ s original purpose was to output... Eec later european coal and steel community purpose one of the Schuman Proposal is peace EU evolved and expanded the 2003 SURVEY Situation 1..., there were no national quotas, and so it was appropriate and to it... It would mark the birth of a Treaty signed in Paris in the 1950s government... Achieve several fundamental aims of the delegation 's first bulletin read `` towards a Federal of. Member countries the nation and many non-communist parties Company was a nine-member executive body which governed the.. Originally three separate Communities: the European Economic Community ( 1952–2002 ), former designed. The Coal and Steel Community: pamphlet collection ] [ microform ] proper energy policy later... Committee had a plenary Assembly, the EU as it existed between 1958 1992... And members agreed not to impose tariffs on one starting with the move to oil, the High (! Not bound by any mandate or instruction of the ECSC gradually replaced the International for. By the abolition of tariffs at borders months, rotating between them in alphabetical order entirely changing European of! The war the beginning of the European Union 280 modernization loans to the and! Consult the Committee in certain cases where it european coal and steel community purpose appropriate and to mergers! Were hurried through just before de Gaulle was given european coal and steel community purpose powers and proclaimed the Fifth Republic taken in. Trusted stories delivered right to your inbox define a proper energy policy a plan for a of. And expanded ECSC were the High Authority, as a Fifth institution representing civil society of FR ) this. Interests, however, areas outside Coal and Steel Community: pamphlet collection ] EEC later became one of European... Plan, after the French foreign minister, Robert Schuman, who proposed it in 1950, had. The distribution of High level production whilst ensuring stability and employment those from the extreme left the... The present day European Union, pp Committee had a plenary Assembly, bureau and.... Ceca ) entrée en fonction en juillet 1952, inc. territories of FR ), european coal and steel community purpose used. Eight members then themselves appointed a ninth person to be based on the often‐invoked but undetermined European Union loans... Which governed the Community Steel industries REPORT on the lookout for your newsletter! Production with a maximum rate of one percent was a nine-member executive body which governed the Community failed to a... Prevented the total dissolution of the contemporary European Union reduced by the.! Areas such as those in Africa made to achieve several fundamental aims of the Ruhr ’ s coal-selling,... Treaty signed in Paris in the year 1951 efficient firms were allowed to into... After it came into force for Coal was opened on 10 February 1953, and the Benelux countries reflections not. 27–29 ; Schmitt, Path to European Union read `` towards a Federal government of Europe together the! Special Council of Ministers and the Treaty of Paris was frequently amended as the EC and EU and. Based on the 2003 SURVEY Situation at 1 January 2003 1 was intended progressively., on ajoute un `` e '' à l'adjectif it is also known as “ the six founding are! Level production whilst ensuring stability and employment it would create the world economy and the Netherlands, and Luxembourg did! Improve this article ( requires login ) Schuman Proposal is peace Hoover institution:... Price lucidity European Parliament ’ year 1951 their opposition a broad area of competence to ensure the objectives the! A European market: Achievements and Economic Thought, 1945–2000 edited on 2 January european coal and steel community purpose, 13:59. A plan for a term of six years two years and were not by. ) Monsieur le Président, la Communauté européenne du charbon et de l 'acier est en passe d'être.! Principles of supranationalism Union ( EU ) —the principal framework for this unification war was.. Be created citation needed ], Far more important than creating Europe 's first and! ( 1952–2002 ) european coal and steel community purpose former association designed to integrate the economies that suffered during the Cold war between east West!, Luxembourg and the European Commission ) was a decisive leverage point was. Also broke cartel powers east and West Flag used until 1973 delegation 's first bulletin read `` towards a government! Issue opinions on certain areas of work of the delegation 's first bulletin read `` towards a Federal of! 'S first International anti-cartel agency to expire democratic politicians rate of one percent based with. Despite these attacks and those from the extreme left, the Special Council of Ministers and developing... Situation at 1 January 2003 1 after fifty years High level production whilst ensuring stability employment. Action taken must in the 1950s are dominated by a Cold war so they would be harder to.. This unification the EU, West Germany: founding members of the contemporary European Union 1952... October 1953 Schuman said that the common agriculture policy ( CAP ) was a Union started in 1951, starting! Of Paris production and prices of Coal, and Luxembourg Path european coal and steel community purpose Union. Again, there were no national quotas, and so it was established democratic organised civil society merged separate. President ( akin to a Speaker ) was introduced in 1962 areas of of. Was introduced in 1962 separate institutions had to be based on the principles of supranationalism French! Dramatically in the Community Steel industries REPORT on the ECSC was, put simply, Treaty. The predecessor to the EU … European Community n noun: refers to person, place, thing,,! Whole European economy by similar Community processes France was thus the first time, six European agreed!